Objective To investigate the rodents species diversity along the border area of China and Kazakhstan, and provide supporting data for the surveillance and control of rodent borne diseases. Methods Rodents were collected with trapping method at seven counties/districts and area in Yili, Boertala, Tacheng and Karamay. Rodents species were then identified with DNA barcodes. Results Totally 174 samples of small mammal were collected from three kinds of habitats, including 16 species of rodents belonging to Muridae, Cricetidae, Dipodidae, Gliridae and Sciuridae, and one shrew species of Soricidae. With the DNA barcoding method, samples belonging to two vole species(Microtus arvalis and M. gregalis) with similar morphologic characters were identified correctly. Gerbil samples recognized morphologically as Meriones meridianus were different genetically from M. meridianus from Eastern China. Conclusion High diversity of rodent species were found in alpine forests meadows and desert steppe habitats. The genetic distances between M. meridianus from northern Xinjiang and other areas of China are so profound that suggests there are cryptic species.

【Abstract】 Objective To understand the objective level of the bacterial embolus forming of the fleas （Citellophilus tesquorum altaicus） after its hibernation.  Methods C. tesquorum altaicus hungered for 3 d were fed with the dying mice infected by Yersina pestis on September 28, 2006, and no blood-sucking fleas were removed. Four hundred and thirteen infected fleas were put into the deepfreez at 2 to 4 ℃ and relative humidity （RH） 75%-85%. The infected fleas were taken out from refrigerator on April 6, 2007, and sucked blood from non-infected mouse one time. Then they were put into the incubator at 20 to 22 ℃ and RH 75%-85%. They were fed for 0.5-1 h at one day intervals.  The  forming  of  bacterial  embolus  was  observed  by   microscope.  Results There  were 235 C.tesquorum altaicus alive after hibernation, and nine fleas formed the bacterial embolus, which the forming rate of bacterial embolus was 3.83% （9/235）. Conclusion The forming rate of bacterial embolus of the fleas carrying the plague to over-winter was obviously lower than that of the fleas in the active stage （13.8%）, which might be related to fleas diapause at the disadvantage environment and the situation that some fleas got rid off plague or the  plague quantity carried by fleas decreased, less than 10² to 10⁴.

Objective To observe the life cycle of Ischnopsyllus octactenus.Methods The life cycle was observed by the methods of combining rearing fleas in the base with in the plate and the culture method of dividing stage.Results The flea Ischnopsyllus octactenus(Kolenati,1856) is only distributed in Xinjiang area in China.It was short of the relevant data of biology on the I.octactenus.The life cycle of I.octactenus were reported in this paper.Seventeen fleas(3♂♂,14♀♀) of I.octactenus were collected ex Pipistrellus pipistrellus in Urumqi China in August,2001.Of them,11 fleas(1♂,10♀♀) were fed on the natural host( Pipistrellus pipistrellus) for blood-sucking at 16.5-24.5℃,72%- 88% RH in the laboratory.The results showed that egg stage was 4-6 d,larvae stage 16-19 d(Ⅰinstar 3 d,Ⅱ instar 5 d,Ⅲ instar 8-11d),pupa 16-17 d.Conclusion The total life cycle of I.octactenus completed within 36-42 d.